高通量小型植物光合表型測量系統(tǒng)PhenoMate是一款對小型植物自動進(jìn)行頂部高通量光合表型高清成像（600萬像素）測量的系統(tǒng)，配備6種濾光片進(jìn)行葉綠素?zé)晒獬上窈头瓷涔庾V成像。能夠獲得用于表型分析的可見光成像、用于光合作用分析的葉綠素?zé)晒獬上?、在近紅外區(qū)的NIR反射成像RNIR、反映葉綠素含量的葉綠素指數(shù)成像RChl，以及反映花青素含量的花青素指數(shù)成像RAnt。

PhenoMate包括帶成像系統(tǒng)的直角坐標(biāo)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)、帶NAS的控制電腦系統(tǒng)、預(yù)裝分析軟件的分析電腦系統(tǒng)（配備24英寸顯示器、鍵盤、鼠標(biāo)）等。

PhenoMate配備4.5m x 2m或6m x 3m的培養(yǎng)桌用于放置植物進(jìn)行測量及培養(yǎng)，配備直角坐標(biāo)機(jī)器人用于在x-、y-和z-方向上自動移動成像系統(tǒng)。

• 對于4.5m x 2m的系統(tǒng)而言，可以放置78盆（冠層240mm x 240mm）到1248盆（冠層60mm x 60mm）植物；
• 對于6m x 3m的系統(tǒng)而言，可以放置190盆（冠層240mm x 240mm）到3040盆（冠層60mm x 60mm）植物。

PhenoMate的成像單元每次可以測量多達(dá)16株植物（冠層60mm x 60mm ），而這16株植物都可以進(jìn)行獨(dú)立分析。用這種方法大大提高了測量效率，做到了高通量植物表型測量。

PhenoMate系統(tǒng)于2020年入駐大名鼎鼎的紐約古根海姆博物館！
 

技術(shù)原理

葉綠素a熒光作為光合作用研究的探針，是研究各種逆境脅迫（干旱、高溫、低溫、營養(yǎng)缺失、污染、病害等）對植物影響的強(qiáng)大工具，亦被廣泛用于篩選同一植物品種的不同基因型。葉綠素a熒光不僅能反映光能吸收、激發(fā)能傳遞和光化學(xué)反應(yīng)等光合作用的原初反應(yīng)過程，而且與電子傳遞、質(zhì)子梯度的建立及ATP合成和CO₂固定等過程有關(guān)。幾乎所有光合作用過程的變化均可通過葉綠素a熒光反映出來，而熒光測定技術(shù)不需破碎細(xì)胞，不傷害生物體，因此通過研究葉綠素a熒光來間接研究光合作用的變化是一種簡便、快捷、可靠的方法。針對葉綠素a熒光的測量方法和參數(shù)分析方法已經(jīng)成為光合作用研究的一個重要領(lǐng)域。

功能特性

• 利用直角坐標(biāo)機(jī)器人實(shí)現(xiàn)X-Y-Z軸自動移動
• 測量范圍4.5m x 2m或6m x 3m
• 帶兩套潮汐式灌溉水培系統(tǒng)
• 能夠進(jìn)行葉綠素?zé)晒獬上?、葉綠素指數(shù)成像、花青素指數(shù)成像和可見光成像
• 配備控制電腦和分析電腦
• 配備控制軟件和分析軟件
• 配備NAS（網(wǎng)絡(luò)附屬存儲）系統(tǒng)

大名鼎鼎的彭博社為瓦赫寧根大學(xué)的PhenoMate系統(tǒng)（瓦大專用名稱為Phenovator）拍攝的視頻

主要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域

• 擬南芥和其它小型植株的光合作用和表型研究
• 光合作用機(jī)理研究，全葉片和整株植物的光合作用測量
• 環(huán)境脅迫對植物的影響
• 基因型篩選、突變株篩選
• 植物功能基因組學(xué)研究
• 脅迫損傷的早期檢測
• 植物病理學(xué)、毒理學(xué)、環(huán)境科學(xué)研究

主要技術(shù)參數(shù)

• 成像面積：24 cm x 24 cm
• 光照面積：30 cm x 30 cm
• 相機(jī)傳感器類型：CCD
• 相機(jī)分辨率：600萬像素，即2440 x 2440像素
• 光譜范圍：350-950 nm
• 鏡頭類型：高質(zhì)量百萬像素鏡頭
• 光纖濾光片輪：6種高質(zhì)量光學(xué)干涉濾光片，步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動
• 直角坐標(biāo)機(jī)器人：全自動控制，定位精度100 um
• 培養(yǎng)桌尺寸： 4.5m x 2m或6m x 3m ，可定制化設(shè)計(jì)。
• IT硬件：相機(jī)和直角坐標(biāo)機(jī)器人由兩套獨(dú)立的電腦系統(tǒng)控制，并由一個帶NAS系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)器電腦控制整套設(shè)備。NAS系統(tǒng)用于數(shù)據(jù)通訊、數(shù)據(jù)存儲、數(shù)據(jù)備份，配備4 Tb硬盤進(jìn)行鏡像數(shù)據(jù)存儲。

利用PhenoVation光合表型成像技術(shù)發(fā)表的部分文獻(xiàn)

1. Casto A L, Schuhl H, Schneider D, et al. (2021) Analyzing chlorophyll fluorescence images in PlantCV. Earth and Space Science Open Archive:5. https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar..2
2. Wang L, Liu F, Hao X, et al. (2021) Identification of the QTL-allele System Underlying Two High-Throughput Physiological Traits in the Chinese Soybean Germplasm Population. Frontiers in Genetics, https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.600444
3. Farooq M, van Dijk A D J, Nijveen H, et al. (2021) Prior Biological Knowledge Improves Genomic Prediction of Growth-Related Traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. Frontiers in Genetics, 11:609117. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.609117
4. He Y, Li Y, Yao Y et al. (2021) Overexpression of watermelon m⁶A methyltransferase ClMTB enhances drought tolerance in tobacco by mitigating oxidative stress and photosynthesis inhibition and modulating stress-responsive gene expression. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 168: 340-352.
5. Wang W, Liu D, Qin M et al. (2021) Effects of Supplemental Lighting on Potassium Transport and Fruit Coloring of Tomatoes Grown in Hydroponics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5): 2687 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms
6. Singh R R, Pajar J A, Audenaert K, et al. (2021) Induced Resistance by Ascorbate Oxidation Involves Potentiating of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Improved Rice Tolerance to Parasitic Nematodes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12:713870. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.713870
7. Vidak M, Lazarevic B, Petek M, et al. (2021) Multispectral Assessment of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit Quality Affected by Calcite Nanoparticles. Biomolecules, 11(6), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom
8. Lazarevic B, Satovic Z, Nimac A, et al. (2021) Application of Phenotyping Methods in Detection of Drought and Salinity Stress in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 12:629441. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.629441
9. Romero-Perez A, Ameye M, Audenaert K, et al. (2021) Overexpression of F-Box Nictaba Promotes Defense and Anthocyanin Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana After Pseudomonas syringae Infection. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12:692606. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692606
10. Meng L, Mestdagh H, Ameye M, et al. (2021) Phenotypic variation of Botrytis cinerea Isolates is influenced by spectral light quality. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11:1233. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01233
11. De Zutter N, Ameye M, Debode J, et al. (2021) Shifts in the rhizobiome during consecutive in planta enrichment for phosphate-solubilizing bacteria differentially affect maize P status. Microbial Biotechnology, doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13824
12. Stambuk P, Sikuten I, Preiner D, et al. (2021) Screening of Croatian Native Grapevine Varieties for Susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola Using Leaf Disc Bioassay, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Multispectral Imaging. Plants, 10, 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants
13. Tan J, de Zutter N, de Saeger S, et al. (2021) Presence of the Weakly Pathogenic Fusarium poae in the Fusarium Head Blight Disease Complex Hampers Biocontrol and Chemical Control of the Virulent Fusarium graminearum Pathogen. Frontiers in Plant Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.641890
14. Flood P, Theeuwen T, Schneeberger K, Keizer P, Kruijer W, et al. (2020) Reciprocal cybrids reveal how organellar genomes affect plant phenotypes. Nature Plants, 10.1038/s41477-019-0575-9ff. ffhal-v2f
15. Velivelli S L S, Czymmek K J, Li H, Shaw J B, Buchko G W, Shah D M. (2020) Antifungal symbiotic peptide NCR044 exhibits unique structure and multifaceted mechanisms of action that confer plant protection. PNAS, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003526117
16. Bhatnagar N, Pandey S. (2020) Heterotrimeric G-Protein Interactions Are Conserved Despite Regulatory Element Loss in Some Plants. Plant Physiology, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.01309
17. Venneman J, Vandermeersch L, Walgraeve C et al. (2020) Respiratory CO2 Combined With a Blend of Volatiles Emitted by Endophytic Serendipita Strains Strongly Stimulate Growth of Arabidopsis Implicating Auxin and Cytokinin Signaling. Frontiers in Plant Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.544435
18. Tan J, Ameye M, Landschoot S et al. (2020) At the scene of the crime: New insights into the role of weakly pathogenic members of the fusarium head blight disease complex. Molecular Plant Pathology, DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12996
19. Prinzenberg A E, Campos-Dominguez L, Kruijer W, Harbinson J, Aarts M G M. (2020) Natural variation of photosynthetic efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions under low temperature conditions. Plant Cell & Environment, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13811
20. Zhang H, Chen Y, Niu Y, Zhang X, Zhao J, Sun L, Wang H, Xiao J, Wang X. (2020) Characterization and fine mapping of a leaf yellowing mutant in common wheat. Plant Growth Regulation, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00633-0
21. Jin X, Zarco-Tejada P, Schmidhalter U, Reynolds M P et al. (2020) High-throughput estimation of crop traits: A review of ground and aerial phenotyping platforms. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, DOI: 10.1109/MGRS.2020.2998816
22. Sheng X-G, Branca F, Zhao Z-Q et al. (2020) Identification of Black Rot Resistance in a Wild Brassica Species and Its Potential Transferability to Cauliflower. Argonomy, 10: 1400. doi:10.3390/agronomy
23. Pennisi G, Blasioli S, Cellini A, Maia L, Crepaldi A, Braschi I, Gianquinto G. (2019). Unraveling the Role of Red:Blue LED Lights on Resource Use Efficiency and Nutritional Properties of Indoor Grown Sweet Basil. Frontiers in plant science, 10, 305. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00305
24. Pennisi G, Orsini F, Blasioli S, Cellini A et al. (2019) Resource use efficiency of indoor lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) ction as affected by red:blue ratio provided by LED lighting. Scientific Reports, 9, 14127
25. Van Es S W, van der Auweraert E B, Silveira S R, Angenent G C, van Dijk A D J, Immink R G H. (2019) Comprehensive phenotyping reveals interactions and functions of Arabidopsis thaliana TCP genes in yield determination. The Plant Journal, doi: 10.1111/tpj.14326
26. Köhl J, Goossen-van de Geijn H, Groenenboom-de Haas L, et al. (2019) Stepwise screening of candidate antagonists for biological control of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Biological Control, 136: 104008
27. Mohd Nadzir M M, Vieira Lelis F M, Thapa B, Ali A, Visser R G F, van Heusden A W, van der Wolf J M. (2019) Development of an in vitro protocol to screen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis pathogenicity in different Solanum species. Plant Phathology, 68(1): 42-48
28. Sall K, Dekkers B J W, Nonogaki M, Katsuragawa Y, Koyari R, Hendrix D, Willems L A J, Bentsink L, Nonogaki H. (2019) DELAY OF GERMINATION  1‐LIKE  4 acts as an inducer of seed reserve accumulation. The Plant Journal, 100: 7-19.
29. Li H, Velivelli S L S, Shah D M. (2019) Antifungal Potency and Modes of Action of a Novel Olive Tree Defensin Against Closely Related Ascomycete Fungal Pathogens. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 32(12): 1646-1664.
30. Prinzenberg A E, Viquez-Zamora M, Harbinson J, Lindhout P, van Heusden S. (2018) Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging reveals genetic variationａnd loci for a photosynthetic trait in diploid potato. Physiologia Plantarum, 164: 163-175.
31. Van Rooijen R, Harbinson J, Aarts M G M. (2018) Photosynthetic response to increased irradiance correlates to variation in transcriptional response of lipid‐remodeling and heat‐shock genes. Plant Direct, 2(7): e00069
32. Van Bezouw R F H M, Keurentjes J J B, Harbinson J, Aarts M G. (2018) Converging phenomics and genomics to study natural variation in plant photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Journal, 97(1): 112-133.
33. Domazakis E, Wouters D, Visser R G F, Kamoun S, Joosten M H A J, Vleeshouwers V G A A. (2018) The ELR-SOBIR1 Complex Functions as a Two-Component Receptor-Like Kinase to Mount Defense Against Phytophthora infestans. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 31(8): 795-802.
34. Bazakos C, Hanemian M, Trontin C, Jimenez-Gomez J M, Loudet O. (2017) New Strategies and Tools in Quantitative Genetics: How to Go from the Phenotype to the Genotype. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 68:435-455
35. Van Rooijen R, Kruijer W, Boesten R, van Eeuwijk F A, Harbinson J, Aarts M G M. (2017) Natural variation of YELLOW SEEDLING1 affects photosynthetic acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature Communications, 8: 1421
36. Flood P J, Kruijer W, Schnabel S K, van der Schoor R, Jalink H, Snel J F H, Harbinson J, Aarts M G M. (2016) Phenomics for photosynthesis, growth and reflectance in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals circadian and long-term fluctuations in heritability. Plant Methods, 12: 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-016-0113-y
37. Mancarella S, Orsini F, van Oosten M J, SAnoubar R, Stanghellini C, Kondo S, Gianquinto G, Maggio A. (2016) Leaf sodium accumulation facilitates salt stress adaptation and preserves photosystem functionality in salt stressed Ocimum basilicum. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 130: 162-173.
38. Virlet N, Sabermanesh K, Sadeghi-Tehran P, Hawkesford M J. (2016) Field Scanalyzer: An automated robotic field phenotyping platform for detailed crop monitoring. Functional Plant Biology, 44(1): 143-153.
39. Gorbe Sanchez E, Heuvelink E, de Gelder A, Stanghellini C. (2015) New Non-invasive Tools for Early Plant Stress Detection. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 29: 249-250.
40. Kastelein P, Krijger M, Czajkowski R, van der Zouwen P S, van der Schoor R, Jalink H, van der Wolf J M. (2014) Development of Xanthomonas fragariae populations and disease progression in strawberry plants after spray‐inoculation of leaves. Plant Pathology, 63(2): 255-263.
41. Harbinson J, Prinzenberg A E, Kruijer W, Aarts M G M. (2012) High throughput screening with chlorophyll ?uorescence imaging and its use in crop improvement. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 23:221